West Cumbria

Taekwon-do

Student Handbook

TAEKWON-DO … A WAY OF LIFE

“All things are governed by the law of Yin and Yang (dark and light) … happiness can often stem from catastrophic moments. My painful experiences of degradation and humiliation, when the Japanese colonisation of Korea reduced me to a person without a country, inspired me to learn martial arts. I was further motivated by my desire to preserve and spread the spirit and wisdom of the Korean people to the world.”

(Gen. Choi Hong Hi)

During the Japanese occupation of Korea (1909-1945) it was forbidden to practise any of the ancient and military martial arts. Taek-kyon was secretly practised by some dedicated practitioners and passed on to a handful of students.

General Choi Hong Hi was born frail and weak and was encouraged to learn Taek-kyon at the age of 15 by his calligraphy teacher. In 1938 due to an unexpected incident, Choi left for Japan, where he became a black belt holder in Karate. Upon his return to Korea he initiated the national liberation movement and his actions aroused the wrath of those in positions of power. He was imprisoned for a time in a Japanese army jail.

After the liberation of Korea in 1945, the new Republic of Korea Armed Forces was organised. On January 15^th 1946, a young second lieutenant, Choi Hong Hi, recently released from a Japanese prison camp, began teaching Karate to some of his soldiers as a means of physical and mental training. He had great ambitions to regain Korea’s freedom and independence, not to rule the people but to advise those who rule. He began to develop new techniques and by the end of 1954 he had nearly completed the foundation of a new martial art for Korea. On April 11^th 1955, the name ‘Taekwon-do’ was chosen as the new name for the national martial art by a board of instructors, historians and other prominent people. The name submitted by the now General Choi was unanimously selected for its apt description of the art: Tae (foot), Kwon (fist), Do (art).

Taekwon-do is a universal art of self defence of which General Choi devoted his entire life not only to retain the purity of, but to constantly search for ways of improving the original techniques. After 1300 years, Korean martial art has reached full maturity and has spread from a small band of aristocratic warriors to practitioners in over 56 countries with millions of students. Taekwon-do was introduced into the UK in 1967. The combination of the old classical techniques and the new modifications, have resulted in a form of self defence and mental conditioning unrivalled in the modern world.

The physical techniques of Taekwon-do are based on the principles of modern science; the principle of kinetic energy and in particular Newtonian physics which teach us how to generate maximum power. Military tactics of attack and defence have also been incorporated.

On the spiritual level; Taekwon-do is derived from the traditional, ethical and moral principles of the orient and General Choi’s own philosophy. There are 24 patterns in Taekwon-do to represent the 24-hours in a day. The names of the 24 patterns are derived from the most illustrious people to have been produced by nearly five thousand years of Korean history. They are also inspirational.

Taekwon-do is a martial art that has no equal in either power or technique. Though it is a martial art, its discipline, technique and mental training are the mortar for building a strong sense of justice, fortitude, humility and resolve. It is this mental conditioning that separates the true practitioners from the sensationalist, content with mastering only the fighting aspects of the art.

“In summation, my life has been a turbulent one, riddled with lonely fights and unfortunate adventure that few would envy … a life of self-exile thousands of miles distant from my beloved country. Even so, it has truly been a worthwhile endeavour. My dream has at last been realised … the ultimate fantasy of spreading and teaching Taekwon-do with no regard to considerations of religion, ideology, national boundaries, or race. I can say without hesitation that I am the happiest man alive.”

General Choi Hong Hi, Founding Father of Taekwon-do.

(09/11/1918-15/01/2002)

NON-TRADITIONAL FREESTYLE

The non-traditional freestyle system (‘Combat and Fitness’ or ‘Sparring Session’ as it can also be labelled) has been designed for people who want to learn how to defend themselves; become fitter and more flexible, in the shortest time possible.

With most martial arts systems, only about 50% is specific to combat and self-defence. The other 50% is purely ‘Art’ specific – the fundamental movements, patterns, history and philosophy. Although these are interesting and beneficial, some people simply don’t have the time for this! Rather than putting 50% of the effort into the Art and 50% effort into the combat procedures, non-traditional students will put 100% effort into combat and fitness. This will make them more efficient at self defence in a shorter period of time. As long as the tenets of Taekwon-do and the code of respect is still adhered to, this is a perfectly acceptable system that more and more people are benefiting from, both mentally and physically.

The purpose of free sparring is to help each other to develop fighting ability. Your techniques must be relaxed and controlled. This will enable you to experiment and put combinations together, thereby increasing your confidence, skill and technique. If yours or your partner’s techniques are not controlled, you will not relax or experiment for fear of being hit. How can you possibly develop any kind of skill? The answer is simple – YOU CAN’T!

There will be times when you need to turn up the pace and put yourself to the test. This should be occasionally as opposed to the norm and should always be with your partner’s full agreement. You should also make sure you are evenly matched, i.e. size, sex, age, grade, aggression level etc.

Please use common sense and have respect when sparring different opponents. Remember, belts represent knowledge and experience, not sparring ability! All else being equal (size, strength, sex, weight, age etc.) two people of the same grade should have a similar level of free sparring ability. In the Dojang (unlike competition) you are not always evenly matched; you can’t expect an 11 year old, 7 ½ stone girl to be on equal footing with a 25 year old, 15 stone man, whether she’s a higher grade or not. Taekwon-do is good but it doesn’t perform miracles!

RULES / PROCEDURES

1. Please remove all jewellery or cover it up safely.

2. Although the combat and fitness classes are a less formal affair than traditional training, please keep idle chat to a minimum. Familiarise yourself with, and respect the rules of the Dojang.

3. Only safety equipment purchased through the club can be worn.

4. Wear any comfortable sports clothing but nothing that advertises other styles or systems.

5. Do not practise techniques or procedures from other styles. This is considered disrespectful in a Taekwon-do Dojang.

6. No bags are allowed in the Dojang.

7. Drinks are allowed in the Dojang during combat & fitness sessions only. (No glass containers though!)

8. No spectacles to be worn during free sparring.

9. Always bow to your partner before and after every bout.

10. If you accidentally injure a partner, you must move out with them and assist them. Do not move back in until the injured party is able to do so.

11. Please note: If you injure anyone seriously, or injure a novice (white belt), a junior (under 16), or a female member you will disqualified from sparring for one month.

12. If you wish to increase the intensity, you must have your partner’s full agreement; making sure your partner is not just a similar grade, but similar size, weight, age etc.

13. It is inevitable that you will receive the odd knock whilst sparring by the very nature of what we do, but loss of temper will result in loss of club membership!

14. All students must be in possession of a current WCTKD licence/membership.

WEST CUMBRIA TAEKWON-DO INSTRUCTORS

Senior Instructor Stuart Dowell 4^th Dan

Stuart is the Senior Instructor for the three West Cumbria Taekwon-do Schools in Wigton, Workington and Whitehaven. He has trained for over 10 years.

In addition to instructing at his three schools Stuart still competes in many competitions. He is a three times British Champion, has won many other trophies at national and international level.

Assistant Instructor Darren Hall 4^th Dan

Like Stuart Darren has been training for many years with the club, and regularly assists at the Wigton Dojang. He is a tough sparrer and runner up in the UKITF heavy weight sparring competition. Darren is also well known for his sublime breaking skills.

Assistant Instructor Barry Dabson 3^rd Dan

Barry joined West Cumbria Taekwon-do and the WCTKD as a 1st Dan black belt in 2004 after moving to the area. He is a keen sparrer using his height to his advantage. Barry assists the adult classes at the Whitehaven Dojang.

Assistant Instructor Jennifer McGill 1^st Dan

Jennifer often assists in both Whitehaven and Workington Dojangs and is very keen to become a full instructor in the future. A committed and valued member of West Cumbria Taekwondo

Daniel Robinson 2nd Dan

Again Daniel is a valued member to the club and regularly assists at Wigton Dojang At only 16 years of age he is developing into an excellent martial artist.

Other blackbelts in the club

Clyne Albertelli 2nd Dan

Holly Evans 1^st Dan

Ryan Martindale 1^st Dan

Beverley Smith 2nd Dan

Nassia Tzelepi 2nd Dan

Connor Henderson 1st Dan

Ben Davidson 1st Dan

Jamie Coulter 1st Dan

Sam Warwick 1st Dan

Callum Sharp 1st Dan

Morgan Shilton 1st Dan

Conrad Toole 1st Dan

WCTKD RULES

1. Bow on entering and leaving the Dojang.

2. Instructor and students bow to each other at the start and finish of each lesson

3. No smoking or chewing in the Dojang.

4. No jewellery, watches etc. to be worn during classes.

5. No outdoors shoes to be worn in the Dojang.

6. Never leave the class for a break, drink or early dismissal without permission.

7. Never lose your temper in the Dojang especially during sparring. This will result in instant and permanent dismissal.

8. If you accidentally injure a partner, you must move out with them and assist them. Do not move back in until the injured party is able to do so. Please note - 3 ‘move outs’ within a 3-month period will result in a one month’s suspension from free sparring for the individual responsible.

9. Keep uniforms clean at all times.

10. Fingernails and toenails must be kept short and clean.

11. Never lean on walls or lay spread out on the floor in a disrespectful or sloppy manner.

12. Do not talk whilst instruction is taking place.

13. Before asking a question raise your hand to attract the instructor’s attention, never shout out.

14. No horseplay, whistling, swearing, loud or excessive talking. Students should behave in a responsible and disciplined manner whilst in the Dojang, ESPECIALLY SENIOR GRADES. Failure to observe this rule could be detrimental to your future grading promotion.

15. No mobile telephones or pagers are allowed in the Dojang without permission.

16. Any student late for class must get the instructor’s permission and bow to the instructor before joining the class.

17. When adjusting your Dobok do not face your instructor.

18. At any formal event i.e. grading examinations, all male instructors are to be addressed as “Sir” and all female instructors are to be addressed as “ma’am”

19. Be courteous and respectful to all students’ especially senior grades. Senior grades are expected to set a good example to new students and lower grades and to assist such students whenever necessary.

20. Students must purchase an WCTKD membership before participating in any lessons. It is the student’s responsibility to renew this license each year.

21. Students must purchase an WCTKD Dobok before taking their 2^nd grading examination.

22. Students must have full safety equipment within one year of training.

23. All safety equipment must be club approved.

24. Grading time requirements and sparring requirements are listed separately for each grade in the student’s handbook. Please note that Black stripe and black belt gradings are by invite only. The final decision on whether or not a student grades is down to the discretion of the instructor. Students must train regularly between grading exams, one months absence from training results in the clock being reset.

25. Be loyal to your instructor, fellow students and art.

TRADITIONAL GRADING FORMAT

10^THKUP WHITE BELT TO 1^ST KUP BLACK STRIPE

10^TH KUP WHITE BELT

Practical

Sitting stance x8 single punches

Semi free sparring;- 1 for 1 front kick

Sajo jirugi - 4-directional punching (to the count for children, Adults in own time)

Number 1 - right side

Number 1 - left side

Number 2 - right side

Number 2 - left side

Walking stance middle outer forearm block (adults only)

Walking stance obverse punch (adults only)

Press ups x 5(children) 10(adults)

Question

Children’s Theory & Terminology Questions

Q1. What is the meaning of White Belt?

White belt signifies innocence as that of a beginning student who has no knowledge of the art.

Q2. What is the Korean term for the exercise 4-directional punching?

Sajo jirugi.

Q3. What is the Korean term for block?

makgi.

Q4. What is the Korean term for front punch?

Ap Joomuk.

Q5. What are 5 tenets of Taekwon-do?

Courtesy, integrity, perseverance, self-control, indomitable spirit.

Adult Questions

Terminology

General

Attention! Chariot

Bow Kyong-yi

Ready Junbi

Training hall Dojang

Middle Kaunde

Obverse Baro

Reverse Bandae

Four directional punching Sajo jirugi

Parts of the body

Forefist Ap joomuk

Inner forearm An palmok

Ball of the foot Ap kumchi

Stances

Attention stance Chariot sogi

Parallel ready stance Narani junbi sogi

Sitting stance Annun sogi

Walking stance Gunnun sogi

Attacks

Obverse punch Baro jirugi

Front kick Ap chagi

Defences

Inner forearm block An palmok makgi

Theory

Tenets

There are five tenets of Taekwon-do: Courtesy, Integrity, Perseverance, Self-control and Indomitable spirit.

Basics

When we practise basics, we are practising the techniques in their art form, through their full range of movement. This helps us to understand the mechanics of each technique and develop all the necessary muscles and co-ordination to make the realistic application effective.

Forefist punch

The correct punching tool for the forefist punch is made up of the largest two knuckles of the forefinger and middle finger.

Walking stance

The dimensions are one shoulder width in width and one and a half to two shoulder widths in length. The weight ratio is 50/50.

White Belt

White belt signifies innocence as that of a beginner student who has no knowledge of the art.

SAJO JIRUGI

(Four directional punching)

Number One

From Parallel-ready stance (narani-junbi sogi)

1. Step forward with the right foot into walking stance; perform a right middle section fore-fist punch.

2. Pivot on the left foot anti-clockwise 90°, step backwards with the right foot into walking stance; perform a low section outer forearm block with the left arm.

3. Step forward with the right foot into walking stance; perform a right middle section fore-fist punch.

4. Pivot on the left foot anti-clockwise 90°, step backwards with the right foot into walking stance; perform a low section outer forearm block with the left arm.

5. Step forward with the right foot into walking stance; perform a right middle section fore-fist punch.

6. Pivot on the left foot anti-clockwise 90°, step backwards with the right foot into walking stance; perform a low section outer forearm block with the left arm.

7. Step forward with the right foot into walking stance; perform a right middle section fore-fist punch. SHOUT (kihap)

8. Come back to Parallel-ready stance (narani-junbi sogi).

9. Step forward with the left foot into walking stance; perform a left middle section fore-fist punch.

10. Pivot on the right foot clockwise 90°, step backwards with the left foot into walking stance; perform a low section outer forearm block with the right arm.

11. Step forward with the left foot into walking stance; perform a left middle section fore-fist punch.

12. Pivot on the right foot clockwise 90°, step backwards with the left foot into walking stance; perform a low section outer forearm block with the right arm.

13. Step forward with the left foot into walking stance; perform a left middle section fore-fist punch.

14. Pivot on the right foot clockwise 90°, step backwards with the left foot into walking stance; perform a low section outer forearm block with the right arm.

15. Step forward with the left foot into walking stance; perform a left middle section fore-fist punch. SHOUT (kihap)

Stay in position number 15 until the Instructor calls you back to Parallel-ready stance (narani-junbi sogi).

Number two

Number two is exactly the same as number one but instead of using a low section outer forearm block when you step back, use a middle section inner forearm block.

9^TH KUP YELLOW STRIPE

Practical

Sajo jirugi - 4-directional punching (to the count for children, Adults in own time)

Number 1 - right side

Number 1 - left side

Number 2 - right side

Number 2 - left side

Pattern CHON-JI

1-4-1 Front kick

1-4-1 Turning kick

Sitting stance double punch

Theory & Terminology

Q1. What is the interpretation of CHON-JI?

CHON-JI is a 19 movement pattern and means heaven & earth. It signifies the creation of the world and is therefore the first pattern.

Q2. What is the Korean term for double punch?

Dibo jirugi

Q3. Count to 10 in Korean.

Hannah, dool, seth, neth, yassut, tassut, ilgop, yadaul, ahop, yaul.

Q4. What is the Korean term for walking stance

Gunnun sogi.

Q5. What is the Korean term for sitting stance

Annun sogi

ADULT QUESTIONS 9^TH KUP YELLOW STRIPE

Terminology

General

High Nopunde

Middle Kaunde

Low Najunde

One Hannah Six Yassut

Two Dool Seven Ilgop

Three Seth Eight Yodaul

Four Neth Nine Ahop

Five Dassut Ten Yoll

Parts of the body

Head Mor

Foot-sword Balkal

Outer forearm Bakat palmok

Knife hand Sonkal

Stances

‘L’ stance Niunja sogi

Attacks

Reverse punch Bandae jirugi

Double punch Dibo jirugi

Arc hand strike Bandalson taerigi

Side kick Yop chagi

Defences

Outer forearm block Bakat palmok makgi

Knife hand block Sonkal makgi

Forearm guarding block Palmok daebi makgi

Theory

Patterns

A pattern is a fight against one or more imaginary opponents; using basic techniques through the full range of movement (the art form). The movements should be performed with speed and power (where appropriate)

Pre-arranged sparring

Pre-arranged one step sparring is practised to develop technique, distance, timing and focus in preparation for advanced one step, from blue belt and above.

Stances

These give us a stable platform from which to practise the basics. They also help to stretch and strengthen the various muscle groups in the legs.

Chon ji

19-movement pattern. It literally means heaven and earth. In the orient it is interpreted as the creation of the world or the beginning of human history. It has two similar parts, one to represent heaven, the other the earth.

8^TH KUP YELLOW BELT

Practical

Patterns

CHON JI

DAN GUN

Basics: -

L stance- Twin forearm block (adults only)

‘L’ stance - middle section knife hand guarding block (adults only)

Walking stance- low outer forearm block (children only)

Walking stance- obverse punch (children only)

1-4-1 Sparring – Axe kick

1-4-1 Sparring – Turning kick

1-Step Sparring number 1

Questions

Children’s questions Theory & Terminology

Q1. What is the meaning of yellow belt?

Yellow belt signifies the earth from which a plant sprouts and takes root as the Taekwon-do foundation is being laid.

Q2. What is the interpretation of DAN GUN?

DAN GUN is a 21-movement pattern. It is named after the holy DAN GUN, the legendary founder of Korea in the year 2333 BC.

Q3. What is the Korean term for ‘L’ stance?

Niunja sogi.

Q4. What is the Korean term for forearm guarding block?

Palmok daebi makgi.

Q5. What is the Korean term for bow?

Kyong-yi

8^TH KUP YELLOW BELT ADULT QUESTIONS

Terminology

General

Inward Anaero

Outward Bakaero

Front Ap

Twin Sang

Parts of the body

Back fist Dung joomuk

Instep Baldung

Attacks

Knife hand strike Sonkal taerigi

Back fist front strike Dung joomuk ap taerigi

Turning kick Dollyo chagi

Defences

Knife hand guarding block Sonkal daebi makgi

Inward outer forearm block Anaero bakat palmok makgi

Twin forearm block Sang palmok makgi

Rising block Chookyo makgi

Theory

Patterns

Each pattern has a meaning. They represent an important person or event in Korean history and are there to inspire the student.

Front kick

The correct tool for front kick is the ball of the foot. This is achieved by locking the ankle joint forward and pulling the toes back.

Side kick

The correct tool for side kick is the under outer edge of the heel. This is achieved by locking the ankle joint back and in.

Yellow Belt

Yellow belt signifies the earth, from which a plant sprouts and takes root as the Taekwon-do foundation is being laid.

Dan Gun

21-movement pattern. It is named after the holy Dan Gun, legendary founder of Korea in 2333BC.

7^TH KUP GREEN STRIPE

Practical

Patterns

DAN GUN

DO SAN

Basics: -

Walking stance - high section wedging block

Walking stance - straight fingertip thrust (adults only)

1-4-1 Sparring – Axe kick (children only)

1-4-1 Sparring –Turning kick (children only)

1-4-1 Sparring –side kick (children only)

Line work- Front/Side/Turning kick (adults only)

1-4-1 Hook kick (adults only)

2-4-2 Front kick/Turning kick (adults only)

1-Step Sparring number 3

Questions

Children’s Theory & Terminology

Q1. What is the interpretation of DO SAN?

DO SAN is a 24 movement pattern. It is the pseudonym of the patriot Ahn Ch’ang Ho (1876-1938) who devoted his entire life to furthering the education of Korea and it’s independent movement.

Q2. What is the Korean term for wrist release?

Jappyosol-tae.

Q3. What is the Korean term for rising block?

Chookyo makgi.

Q4. What is the Korean term for front kick?

Ap chagi.

Q5. What is the Korean term for attention stance?

Chariot sogi

ADULT QUESTIONS 7^TH KUP GREEN STRIP

Terminology

General

Wrist release Jappyosol-tae

Side Yop

Parts of the body

Fingertip Sun sonkut

Palm heel Son badak

Reverse knife hand Sonkal dung

Back heel Dwit chook

Attacks

Straight fingertip thrust Sun sonkut tulgi

Back fist side strike Dung joomuk yop taerigi

Palm heel strike Son badak taerigi

Reverse knife hand strike Sonkal dung taerigi

Back kick Dwitcha chagi

Hooking kick Golcho chagi

Defences

Wedging block Hechyo makgi

Palm heel block Son badak makgi

Outward outer forearm block Bakaero bakat palmok makgi

Theory

1-4-1…

The purpose of practising 1-4-1, 2-4-2, 3-4-3 is to help develop distance, timing and focus; with either single techniques or combinations, in preparation for free sparring.

Turning kick

The correct tool for traditional turning kick is the ball of the foot. This is achieved by locking the ankle joint and toes back. Traditional turning kick is used in line work, destruction and street situations.

The correct tool for non-traditional turning kick is the top of the foot (instep). This is achieved by locking the ankle joint and toes forward. Non-traditional turning kick is used for sparring related activities and bag work.

Do San

24-movement pattern. It is the pseudonym of the patriot Ahn Ch’ang Ho (1876-1938) who devoted his entire life to furthering the education of Korea and its independent movement.

6^TH KUP GREEN BELT

Practical

Patterns

DO SAN

WON HYO (own time)

Basics: -

Fixed stance - middle section side punch

Walking stance – circular block

1-4-1 Sparring – Any technique

1-4-1 Sparring- Jumping front kick

2-4-2 front kick/turn kick (children)

2-4-2 sidekick/back kick (adults)

1-Step Sparring number 4 (adults 3 and 4)

One question

Children’s Theory & Terminology

Q1. What is the meaning of green belt?

Green belt signifies the plant’s growth as Taekwon-do skills begin to develop.

Q2. What is the interpretation of WON HYO?

WON HYO is a 28 movement pattern. He was a noted monk who introduced Zen Buddism into the Silla Dynasty in the year 686 AD.

Q3. What is the Korean term for parallel ready stance?

Narani junbi sogi.

Q4. What is the Korean term for side kick?

Yop chagi.

Q5. What is the Korean term for side punch?

Yop jirug

ADULT QUESTIONS 6^TH KUP GREEN BELT

Terminology

General

1 step sparring ilbo matsoki

Free sparring jayoo matsoki

Parts of the body

Elbow Palkup

Stances

Closed ready stance ‘A’ Moa junbi sogi ‘A’

Fixed stance Gojung sogi

Bending ready stance Goburyo junbi sogi

Attacks

Reverse elbow strike Bandae palkup taerigi

Side punch Yop jirugi

Inward knife hand strike Anaero sonkal taerigi

Reverse turning kick Bandae dollyo chagi

Side piercing kick Yop cha jirugi

Defences

Circular block Dollymio makgi

Waist block Hori makgi

Theory

Free sparring

This is where students can attack and defend at will, using set techniques to specific target areas; to set rules. Although free sparring is part of the traditional format it is also considered to be the sport side of Taekwon-do.

The purpose of free sparring is to help develop fighting ability, by experimenting with techniques and combinations, in a controlled manner. This improves the student’s skill and confidence, which ultimately helps to develop the ability to defend oneself in a combat situation.

Outer forearm block

The start position is the blocking arm on the inside, with the palm facing and the reaction arm on the outside, with the palm facing away.

Inner forearm block

The start position is the blocking arm underneath the reaction arm, with both palms facing down.

Green Belt

Green belt signifies the plants growth as Taekwon-do skill begins to develop.

Won Hyo 28-movement pattern. It is named after the noted monk who introduced Buddhism to the Silla dynasty in the year 686AD.

5^TH KUP BLUE STRIPE

Practical

1-4-1 Jumping turning kick

2-4-2 Turn/reverse turn kick

2-4-2 Semi free sparring

Free Sparring

Walking stance-Hooking Block

Walking stance-Double Forearm Block

Won Hyo

Yul Gok

Performed technically correct, with full movement, correct breathing, speed

and power where appropriate. DO NOT RUSH YOUR PATTERN complete each move fully.

1-Step Sparring number 5 (adults 4 and 5

)

One question

Children’s Theory & Terminology

Q1. What is the interpretation of Yul Gok?

Yul Gok is a 38 movement pattern. It is the pseudonym of a great philosopher and scholar, Yi I (1536-1584) nicknamed the Confucius of Korea. The 38 movements of the pattern refer to his birthplace and the pattern diagram represents the scholar.

Q2. Can you show walking stance and describe its width & length?

1 shoulder width in width (3 or 4 boards), 1½ shoulder widths in length.

Q3. What is the Korean term for 1 step sparring?

Ilbo matsoki.

Q4. What is the Korean term for wedging block?

Hechyo makgi.

Q5. What is the Korean term for turning kick?

Dollyo chagi.

ADULT QUESTIONS 5^TH KUP BLUE STRIPE

Terminology

General

Destruction Gyokpa

Jumping/flying Twimyo

Left Wen

Right Orun

Parts of the body

Knee Moorup

Stances

‘X’ stance Kyocha sogi

Attacks

Front elbow strike Ap palkup taerigi

Axe (downward) kick Naeryo chagi

Sweeping kick Suroh chagi

Knee kick Moorup chagi

Defences

Hooking block Golcho makgi

Twin knife hand block Sang Sonkal makgi

Double forearm block Doo palmok makgi

Knife hand wedging block Sonkal Hechyo makgi

Downward palm heel block Naeryo son badak makgi

Theory

Continuous sparring

The advantage of continuous sparring is that it aids fluidity of movement, but the disadvantage is that it can encourage sloppy techniques.

Hooking block

This block gives the option of grabbing; during or immediately after application of the block.

Yul Gok

38-movement pattern. It is the pseudonym of the great 16^th century philosopher and scholar Yi I (1536-1584), nicknamed ‘The Confucius of Korea’. The 38 movements of the pattern refer to his birthplace on a 38° latitude and the diagram represents the scholar.

4^TH KUP BLUE BELT

Practical

Free Sparring

You will be marked on your technical ability, distance, timing focus etc, not on winning or

losing! Therefore be mindful of the fact that you may not be evenly matched, (i.e. Gender,

weight, size, experience or grade etc), so please spar appropriately. Extra points are

awarded for showing respect and humility but points are deducted for excessive contact!

Semi Free Sparring (3-4-3) Any Technique learnt so far, performed as

individual techniques or as part of a combination. Block where appropriate.

One Step Sparring No 5 and 6

Line Work Appropriate For Grade

Won Hyo (adults only)

Yul Gok

Joong Gun Performed technically correct, with full movement, correct breathing, speed and power where appropriate. DO NOT RUSH YOUR PATTERN complete each move fully

Breaking Breaking is an optional part of the exam. Under 18s are to use junior

boards.

Students choice of technique. Examiners choice of boards

Questions 1 on Theory & 1 on Terminology (each correct answer worth 5)

Children’s Theory & Terminology

Q1. What is the interpretation of Chung Gun?

It is a 32-movement pattern and is named after the patriot Ahn Joong Gun who assassinated Hiro-Bumi Ito (the first Japanese Governor General of Korea). The 32 movements represent Mr Ahn’s age when he was executed at Lui Shung prison in 1910.

Q2. Can you show ‘L’ stance and describe length, foot positions and finished body positions

1½ shoulder widths in length, feet in the shape of an ‘L’ with the body facing the same way as the back foot and the head facing the same way as the front foot; the back knee is bent directly over the back toes and the front knee is just slightly bent.

Q3. What is the Korean term for ‘X’ block?

Kyocha makgi.

Q4. What is the Korean term for rear foot stance?

Dwit bal sogi.

Q5. What is the Korean term for twin upset punch?

Sang dwijibo jirugi.

ADULT QUESTIONS 4^TH KUP BLUE BELT

Terminology

General

Upward Ollyo

Pressing Noollo

Vertical Soojik

Stances

Closed ready stance ‘B’ Moa junbi sogi ‘B

Rear foot stance Dwit bal sogi

Low stance Nachuo sogi

Attacks

Upward elbow strike Wi palkup taerigi

Twin fist vertical punch Sang joomuk sewo jirugi

Twin upset punch Sang dwijibo jirugi

Front snap kick Ap cha busigi

Turning punch Dollyo jirugi

Defences

Reverse knife hand block Sonkal dung makgi

Upward palm heel block Ollyo son badak makgi

‘X’ block Kyocha makgi

Palm heel pressing block Son badak noollo makgi

U-shape block Di gutcha makgi

Theory

Presentation and Etiquette

These are very important for senior grades. It is only natural that beginners and intermediate grades will look up to, model and emulate senior grades. It is therefore essential that all senior grades familiarise themselves with the rules of the dojang (especially numbers 14, 19 & 25) and set an example, from which all lower grades can follow. It would be pointless for any student not wishing to accept this responsibility to progress any higher up the grades.

Breaking

Breaking is a test of power, speed, accuracy, correct technique and mental focus. It is a method of measuring improvement and also helps develop confidence when practised correctly.

Blue Belt

Blue belt signifies the heaven towards which the plant matures into a towering tree, as training in Taekwon-do progresses.

Chung Gun

32-movement pattern. It is named after the patriot Ahn Joong Gun who assassinated Hiro-Bumi Ito, the first Japanese Governor General of Korea; the man who played the leading part in the Korea-Japan merger. The 32 movements represent Mr Ahn‘s age when he was executed at Lui-Shung prison in 1910.

3^RD KUP RED STRIPE

Practical

Free Sparring

You will be marked on your technical ability, distance, timing focus etc, not on winning or

losing! Therefore be mindful of the fact that you may not be evenly matched, (i.e.

Gender, weight, size, experience or grade etc), so please spar appropriately. Extra points

are awarded for showing respect and humility but points are deducted for excessive

contact!

Semi Free Sparring (3-4-3) Any Technique learnt so far, performed

as individual techniques or as part of a combination. Block where appropriate.

One Step Sparring No 6 and 7

Line Work Appropriate For Grade

Yul gok (adults only)

Joong gun

Toi Gye Performed technically correct, with full movement, correct breathing, speed

and power where appropriate. DO NOT RUSH YOUR PATTERN complete each move fully

Breaking Breaking is an optional part of the exam. Under 18s are to use

junior boards.

Students choice of technique. Examiners choice of boards

Questions

Children’s Theory & Terminology

Q1. What is the interpretation of Toi-Gye?

It is a 37-movement pattern and is the pen name of the 16^th century scholar Yi Wang who was regarded an authority on neo-Confucianism. The diagram of the pattern represents both the calligraphy for ‘scholar’ and his birthplace on the 37° latitude.

Q2. Show 5 different stances you have learned so far.

Choose from: Attention stance / Relaxed stance / Parallel ready stance / Closed ready stance ‘A’ / Walking stance / ‘L’ stance / Fixed stance / Bending ready stance / ‘X’ stance / Rear foot stance / Sitting stance

Q3. What is the meaning of Blue Belt?

Blue belt signifies the heaven towards which the plant matures into a towering tree, as training in Taekwon-do progresses.

Q4. What is the Korean term for ‘W’ shape block?

San makgi

Q5. What is the Korean term for low double forearm pushing block?

Najunde doo palmok miro makgi

ADULT QUESTIONS 3^RD KUP RED STRIPE

Terminology

General

Instructor Sabum

Student Jeja

Belt Ti

Start Sejak

Return to ready stance Barrol

Parts of the body

Side fist Yop joomuk

Attacks

Low upset fingertip thrust Najunde dwijibi sonkut tulgi

High flat fingertip thrust Nopunde opun sonkut tulgi

Low knife hand guarding block Najunde Sonkal daebi makgi

Twist kick Bituro chagi

Defences

‘W’ shape block San makgi

Theory

The advantage of point stop sparring over continuous sparring is it helps to develop sharp, committed and skilful techniques. The aim is to hit accurately without being hit. The disadvantage is that it encourages the fighter to stop and pause after a technique has been thrown; continuous sparring helps to discourage this.

Stretching

The different types of stretches used in Taekwon-do all have a specific purpose and ideally should be used at specific times during training.Relaxed stretches (passive static stretches) can be used at any time and are an ideal stretch to cool down with.

Static active stretches (holding the leg out in a kick position) are effective stretches for developing strength, balance and flexibility in the extended kick position.

Dynamic stretches (not to be confused with ballistic stretches) are an excellent way of warming up and stretching simultaneously in preparation for dynamic movements; i.e. bag work or sparring.

Isometric stretching is supposedly one of the fastest and most effective methods of stretching. However, isometric stretches should only be performed 3 to 4 times a week and adequate recovery time should be allocated between sessions. Isometric stretches should not be used at the start of a training session.

Toi Gye

37-movement pattern. It is the penname of the noted 16^th century scholar Yi Hwang, an authority on neo-Confucianism. The 37 movements of the pattern refer to his birthplace on a 37° latitude and the diagram represents the scholar.

2^ND KUP RED BELT

Practical

Free Sparring

You will be marked on your technical ability, distance, timing focus etc, not on winning or

losing! Therefore be mindful of the fact that you may not be evenly matched, (i.e.

Gender, weight, size, experience or grade etc), so please spar appropriately. Extra points

are awarded for showing respect and humility but points are deducted for excessive

contact!

Semi Free Sparring (3-4-3) Any Technique learnt so far, performed

as individual techniques or as part of a combination. Block where appropriate.

One Step Sparring No 7 and 8

Line Work Appropriate For Grade

Toi Gye

Hwa Rang Performed technically correct, with full movement, correct breathing,

speed and power where appropriate. DO NOT RUSH YOUR PATTERN complete each

move fully.

Breaking Breaking is an optional part of the exam. Under 18s are to use

junior boards.

Students choice of technique. Examiners choice of boards

Questions 1 on Theory & 1 on Terminology (each correct answer worth 5)

Children’s Theory & Terminology

Q1. What is the interpretation of Hwa Rang?

29-movement pattern. It is named after the Hwa Rang youth group, which originated in the Silla dynasty in the early 7^th century. The 29 movements of the pattern refer to the 29^th infantry division where Taekwon-do developed into maturity. Hwa Rang means ‘Flowering Youth’.

Q2. What does red belt signify?

Red belt signifies danger, cautioning the student to exercise control and the opponent to stay away.

Q3. What is the Korean term for each of the following kicks and what is the attacking tool? Axe kick, hook kick and reverse turning kick.

Naeryo chagi, golcha chagi and bandae dollyo chagi. The attacking tool for all three kicks is the back of the heel – dwitchook.

Q4. What is the Korean term for ‘vertical stance?

Soojik sogi

Q5. What is the Korean term for upward punch?

Ollyo jirugi

ADULT QUESTIONS 2^ND KUP RED BELT

Terminology

General

Pushing Miro

Downward Naeryo

Back Dwit

Forward Apro kaggi

Backward Dwiryo kaggi

About turn Dwiryo torro

Stances

Closed ready stance ‘C’ Moa junbi sogi ‘C’

Vertical stance Soojik sogi

Attacks

Downward knife hand strike Naeryo Sonkal taerigi

Back elbow strike Dwit palkup taerigi

Crescent kick Bandal chagi

Upward punch Ollyo jirugi

Defences

Palm heel pushing block Son badak miro makgi

Theory

Tenets

Each tenet should be understood and a senior student must demonstrate this by having his or her own example of each.

There are five tenets of Taekwon-do. The unwritten 6^th tenet is loyalty. Why do you think this is?

Red Belt

Red belt signifies danger, cautioning the student to exercise control and the opponent to stay away.

Hwa Rang

1^ST KUP BLACK STRIPE

Practical

* Invite to grade only

Pre-assessed Work assessed by instructor

Presentation general appearance / uniform / etc

Etiquette bowing / verbal acknowledgement (i.e. sir or ma’am) in a manner appropriate for high grade students

Free sparring 10 rounds / you will be scored on technical ability and skill level

Choong - Moo performed technically correct, good poise / power / speed and relaxation at the appropriate times

Students choice pattern As this is a choice pattern, an exceptionally high standard is expected

Students choice pattern As above

Line work

Theory & Terminology 10 questions / worth 1% each

1 step sparring 1-10 demonstrate good stance / distance / focus / timing in an appropriately realistic manner

Breaking

Theory & Terminology ALL PREVIOUS (10^th – 2^nd)

Terminology

Parts of the body

Back forearm Dung palmok

Side instep Yop baldung

Stances

One legged stance Wae bal sogi

Diagonal stance Sasun sogi

Attacks

Consecutive kick Yonsok chagi

Side thrust kick Yop cha tulgi

Pressing kick Noollo chagi

Jumping side kick Twimyo yop chagi

Back piercing kick Dwitcha chagi

Defences

Side X-Checking knife hand block Kyocha sonkal momchau makgi

Theory

Black Belt

Black is opposite of white, therefore signifying a maturity and proficiency in Taekwon-do. The black belt also indicates the wearer’s imperviousness to darkness and fear.

Chung Moo

30-movement pattern. It was the name given to the great admiral Yi Sun Sin of the Yi dynasty. He was reputed to have invented the first armoured battleship (kobokson) in 1592, the precursor of the present day submarine. The reason why this pattern ends with a left hand attack is to symbolise his regrettable death, having no chance to show his unrestrained potentiality, checked by the forced reservation of his loyalty to the king.

Black stripes should be able to answer the following ‘types’ of personal questions:

What effect has Taekwon-do had on your life?

Why is achieving first-degree black belt important to you?

What effect will obtaining black belt have on you?

What would you say the most important things about being a black belt are?

Why is loyalty to the instructor, dojang and art so important?

Black stripes should know the history of Taekwon-do, all the attacking and defending tools and the application of each technique learnt so far. You should be aware of the differences between ITF and WTF Taekwon-do.

As much additional information about Taekwon-do should be gained from other sources and verified by the instructor.

PRE-ARRANGED 1 STEP SPARRING

(Ilbo matsoki)

Procedure For Attack

Attacker starts in parallel ready stance. When you are ready to attack, shout.
When the defender shouts (signalling they are ready), commence with the attack.
Step forward with the right leg in walking stance, middle section punch using the right arm first.
Return to ready stance and repeat the procedure with the left side.

Procedure For Defence

The defender starts in parallel ready stance and shouts when they are ready to defend. Shout on the counter attacks.

Number one

Against right attack – step forward with the left leg in walking stance, middle section outer forearm block with the left arm to the inside of the opponent’s arm. Counter attack with a reverse punch to the jaw.
Against left attack – step forward with the right leg in walking stance, middle section outer forearm block with the right arm to the inside of the opponent’s arm. Counter attack with a reverse punch to the jaw.

Number two

Against right attack – step forward with the left leg in walking stance, High section wedging block with both hands. Counter attack, grab opponents shoulders then knee to groin with right knee.
Against left attack – step forward with the right leg in walking stance, High section wedging block with both hands. Counter attack, grab opponents shoulders then knee to groin with left knee.

Number three

Against right attack – step out towards your opponent into a left walking stance whilst performing a knifehand block with the left hand, counter with a high section palm heel strike with the right hand
Against left attack –– step out towards your opponent into a right walking stance whilst performing a knifehand block with the right hand, counter with a high section palm heel strike with the left hand.

Number four

1 Against right attack – step out at a 45° angle with the right foot into sitting stance whilst simultaneously performing a outer forearm block with the left arm and a turning punch to the side of the opponent’s jaw with the right fist.

Against left attack – step out at a 45° angle with the left foot into sitting stance whilst simultaneously performing a outer forearm block with the right arm and a turning punch to the side of the opponent’s jaw with the left fist.

Number five

Against right attack – step forward with the left leg in walking stance, middle section hooking block with the left arm to the inside of the opponent’s arm, and grab. Counter attack, hold your opponents opposite shoulder with your right hand pushing them back as you sweep the front leg with your right leg.
Against left attack – step forward with the right leg in walking stance, middle section hooking block with the right arm to the inside of the opponent’s arm, and grab. Counter attack, hold your opponents opposite shoulder with your left hand pushing them back as you sweep the front leg with your left leg.

Number six

Against right attack – Step to the outside of opponents’ right leg into a left walking stance and perform hooking block with right hand grabbing opponents arm.

Counter with a right middle section turn kick to opponents solar plexus then bring kicking leg behind opponents front (right) leg and perform leg sweep.

Against left attack – Step to the outside of opponents left leg into a right walking stance and perform hooking block with left hand grabbing opponents arm.

Counter with a left middle section turn kick to opponents solar plexus then bring kicking leg behind opponents front (left) leg and perform leg sweep.

Number 7

Against right attack – step forward with the left leg in walking stance, downward palm block with the left arm. Counter attack with a shoulder lock taking the opponent face down to the floor.
Against left attack – step forward with the right leg in walking stance, downward palm block with the right arm. Counter attack with a shoulder lock taking the opponent face down to the floor.

Number 8

1. Jump to 45 degree angle to the right simultaneously performing a Jumping turning kick with right leg

2.Jump to 45 degree angle to the left simultaneously performing a Jumping turning kick with left leg

Number 9

1. Move to the left of your opponents attacking arm into side stance and simultaneously grab opponents forearm with right hand whilst performing a back elbow strike with left elbow to opponents face. Shift left foot across behind your opponent while applying sleeper hold.

2. Move to the right of your opponents attacking arm into side stance and simultaneously grab opponents forearm with left hand whilst performing a back elbow strike with right elbow to opponents face. Shift left foot across behind your opponent while applying sleeper hold.

Number 10

Against right attack – jump back to the right landing in ‘L’ stance (right leg back) knife hand guarding block position. Counter attack with a jumping backkick with right leg.
Against left attack – jump back to the left landing in ‘L’ stance (left leg back) knife hand guarding block position. Counter attack with a jumping backkick with left leg.

SENIOR STUDENT - WHAT DOES IT MEAN?

(for blue belts and above)

You may remember as a beginner before your very first grading examination, the importance of discipline and correct etiquette in Taekwon-do was discussed and how the system works. From the early grades where the pace is very slow, gradual and methodical; building up step-by-step, grade-by-grade to the faster more difficult pace of the senior grades. This is a very necessary procedure. It produces worthy Black Belts capable of performing under pressure and representing their instructor, school and art with pride and honour; inside and outside of the dojang.

With a senior grade comes responsibility. You need to decide whether to take Taekwon-do seriously and except the responsibilities of becoming a senior grade, or continue practising Taekwon-do purely as a hobby. In which case progression further up the grades is not necessary! If you decide to accept the responsibilities and progress further then please read on. You will hopefully find the following notes helpful. There are of course extra codes and regulations that apply. You’re not expected to memorise them overnight but as a senior grade you will be expected to abide by them. Obviously you should still enjoy your training, but there is no reason at all why this cannot be done whilst still maintaining the proper standards of senior grade etiquette.

What Is Expected Of A Senior Grade Student?

To establish this you must familiarise yourself with the WCTKD rules and abide by them. As well as these rules that are standard throughout dojang internationally, there are also guidelines for senior students laid down by General Choi Hong Hi, the founder of Taekwon-do. These are as follows:

1. Never tire of learning. A good student can learn anywhere, any time. This is the secret of knowledge.

2. A good student must be willing to sacrifice for his art and instructor. Many students feel that their training is a commodity bought with fees and are unwilling to take part in demonstrations, teaching and working around the dojang. An instructor can afford to lose this type of student.

3. Always set a good example for lower ranking students. It is only natural they will attempt to emulate senior students.

4. Always be loyal and never criticise the instructor, Taekwon-do or the teaching methods.

5. If an instructor teaches a technique, practise it and attempt to utilise it.

6. Remember that a student’s conduct outside the dojang reflects on the art and instructor.

7. If a student adopts a technique from another dojang and the instructor disapproves of it the student must discard it immediately or train at the dojang where the technique was learned.

8. Never be disrespectful to the instructor. Though a student is allowed to disagree with the instructor, the student must first follow the instruction and then discuss the matter later.

9. A student must always be eager to learn and ask questions.

10. Never betray the instructor.

Also enclosed are various notes and philosophy (not in any particular order!) that will hopefully help to guide you along the way to becoming a proficient Black Belt.

Be loyal. Never betray your instructor or your art. It’s not just the responsibility of the instructors to discipline misbehaving and unruly behaviour, but the responsibility of every senior student to stamp down on this negative and destructive attitude.

Train regularly and conscientiously at the dojang and in your own time. Regular training not only benefits you but also the school. Obviously now and then a break or holiday does you good but beware you don’t fall into the trap of having too many breaks; because the less you train, the more your confidence will ebb away. You will then find it difficult to pick up where you left off.

Red Belts and above are expected to have exceptional loyalty and etiquette, and to encourage lower grades along the same path. It will also help your training if you help with teaching in the children’s classes.

Blue Belt Blues – You will on occasion feel that you are not making progress; this is perfectly normal! It is rarely a journey that runs consistently smooth. All the way through your training you will have your highs and lows just like any other journey in life. From experience, we have found that the cross over from green belt to blue belt is the time when most students tend to have more lows than highs; we call it the blue belt blues! This is also a time when students sometimes feel that they are not progressing as fast as they perhaps would like to. There will be a few who very mistakenly feel that they have done it all and know it all; of course nothing could be further form the truth! Although you have moved up to senior grade status you are still laying a foundation. Although you have learnt a considerable amount, there is still much more to learn. Each student will have their own way of dealing with the blue belt blues but below are a few pointers that will help, should you ever come across it yourself.

Remember, you will not be the only one feeling how you do.
Focus on the positive things you have gained from Taekwon-do:

You may be fitter, more flexible and more confident; your ability to defend yourself is gradually increasing; you have achieved 6 belts so far; you have made many friends!

I personally found that nothing betters regular training for keeping confidence levels high; not to mention flexibility and keeping my joints in good order. There’s no truer saying than use it or lose it! I also found isolating specific techniques in an attempt to master them helps to keep you focused.
Have you ever thought about how you would react if faced with a violent, potentially life threatening situation? Would you be able to protect yourself? What techniques would you use? Have you isolated them, practised them and perfected them so they will work under pressure? Because if you haven’t and you are ever faced with violence, you will definitely wish that you had! We know martial arts won’t perform miracles but you definitely stand a better chance of surviving with them than without; that’s why every military force in the world has some sort of martial arts training agenda!

Reading up on the philosophy and beliefs of various Taekwon-do masters can help to inspire and keep our mind focussed. Below is a small sample from Master Hee IL Cho.

Philosophy

The key to understanding the philosophy of Taekwon-do, as I interpret it, is in understanding how to harmonise your mind and the action/power of your bodily responses; then to relate that inner mental and outer bodily power to everything in your world. To flow continuously with mind and body in unison with life as it unfolds before you, with nature, with eternity. To achieve this peace you need to have tremendous explosive freedom. This state of being may be achieved through the practice of martial arts. I cannot give you a direct format, which you can follow in order to achieve this awareness, it’s subtle and individual, taking some students longer than others. I know you cannot understand really what I am talking about just by reading about it; you have to do it. It manifests itself within a student through his or her experience in training, not through words and thought alone.

Mind And Body

There may be other ways of achieving harmony and freedom than martial arts, but I have not experienced them. Martial arts is my way and it has created the path of my existence and has never failed me or produced any flaw or crack in my spirit’s strength. In martial arts we learn through bodily movement how to achieve mental control. Your mind is not a separate hotel that your body occasionally visits, your mind and body work as one. With this unity within yourself you can control your emotions, your own violence, fear, weakness and so on. I call it learning to have explosive freedom.

Power And Violence

Our world, the one that we have created is infested with violence. We have learned nothing about how to really control our overwhelming need to be violent. Violence in one way or another is our awful divided necessity for power. Every human being wants power of some kind – power over ones country, over religion, over ones husband or wife, friend or competitor. It’s only by being free of the demand for power in yourself that you can be free of the need for violence both physically and mentally. All of which brings us back to the need for harmony within ourselves.

Harmony

A true martial artist is an extremely calm person. (s)he is also non-violent. Whereas the response to danger is automatic, (s)he has no desire or necessity to initiate violence. Violence, whether mental or physical lives in all of us and is the most powerful and destructive force in our world. Martial arts explore our own inner violence and teach us how we can cope with these responses and self-destructive impulses. To achieve harmony and peace through our world, we must stop violence.

Love

In order to be free, to love, to be loved and to grow as a human you have to flow with life, to be at one, with harmony to the world. You have to let go of all forms of possession. You know, you never really own anything. The more you try to possess something, the more that something automatically possesses or owns you. Love exists everywhere, on the mountain, within the singing trees, in the ocean’s roll, in you and I. It exists throughout our universe and it is the key to your happiness, to us all, together creating a peaceful world. It is a state that is constantly born and must constantly die, as everything in the universe does in order to exist.

I sincerely hope these notes I have compiled will be helpful to you. They are there for your benefit; ideally you will not just read them the once and then put them aside, but continuously refer to them as and when needed. By now you will realise that being a senior student is a serious undertaking. However, if there is anything you are not sure about, or wish to discuss, please do not hesitate to speak with me or your instructor! wish you luck with your journey

BLACKBELT

1^st DAN BLACK BELT

As a black belt you are now in a position of responsibility within the dojang. You will be setting an example to all students with your attitude, mannerisms, technique and overall character.

Students will copy your example and try to emulate you, this is natural. The example you set must clearly define your position as a black belt. You must create a new professional relationship with lower grades although a certain amount of distance is required between Dan grades and students, you must still be friendly, helpful and approachable. The more you get “involved” with teaching, the more your new professional black belt image will develop within the school and your own personal training and development will benefit

Your training and attitude will now change. You will feel the need to train even harder to make sure your worthy of wearing your black belt and worthy of the respect of other students. You have by no means learnt everything, you have only just begun. Now is the time to identify your strengths and weaknesses. Develop your strengths for whatever area of Taekwondo you excel and turn your weaknesses into strengths. A lot of your future training is now self development. As your instructor I will always be here to guide you, and along with other black belts you will learn new patterns and techniques; but you must motivate yourself even harder, now more than ever, to find yourself as a black belt and a martial artist.

Loyalty is of the up most importance; loyalty to your instructor, the school and each other. This school has no place for non-committed or disloyal black belts.

Stuart Dowell

The Tenets of Tae Kwon-Do

COURTESY:

To be polite to one's instructors, seniors and fellow students.

INTEGRITY:

To be honest with oneself. One must be able to define right and wrong.

PERSEVERANCE:

To achieve a goal, whether it is a higher grade or any technique, one must not stop trying; one must persevere.

SELF CONTROL:

To lose one's temper when performing techniques against an opponent can be very dangerous and shows lack of control. To be able to live, work and train within one's capability shows good self control.

INDOMITABLE SPIRIT:

To show courage when you and your principles are pitted against overwhelming odds

There is an old saying, if you want to do a good job travel the extra mile. This is exceptionally appropriate for black belts; there will be a few individuals who will follow these grading requirements to the letter and will do no more. They feel they have done what’s required and therefore they have done enough. Well I’m afraid these individuals are mistaken. This is not how a true martial artist let alone black belt should behave, at least not in WCTKD schools. If you find yourself thinking along these lines, it would probably be better for you to stop training as you have lost sight of what it takes to become a true martial artist

Terminology questions – 1st degree to 3^rd degree( please learn all)

Twin foot kick – Sangbal chagi

Twin palm – Sang palmok makgi

X knife hand – Kyocha sonkal

Waving kick – Doro chagi

U shape punch – Digutcja jirugi

U shape grasp – Mongdungi japgi

Twisting kick – Bituro chagi

Sweeping kick – Suroh chagi

Piercing kick – Cha jirugi

Waist block – Hori makgi

Vertical punch – Sewo jirugi

Back elbow – Dwit palkup

Back piercing kick – Dwitca jirugi

Bear hand – gomson

Checking block – Momchau makgi

Checking kick – Cha momchugi

Consecutive kick – Yonsok chagi

Crescent punch – Bandal jirugi

Double arc hand block - Doo bandalson makgi

Double finger – Doo sangerak

Double kick – Ijung chagi

Downward punch – Naeryo jirugi

Flying twisting kick – Twimyo bituro chagi

Flying double side kick – Twimyo ijung yop chagi

Fore knuckle fist – Inji joomuk

Hooking block – Golcha makgi

Inward kick – Anuro chagi

Knuckle fist – Songerak joomuk

W shape block – San makgi

Tenet – Jungshin

Side sole – Yop bal badak

Reverse knife hand – Sonkal dung

Reverse hooking kick – Bandae dollyo goro chagi

Pushing block – Miro makgi

Pressing block – Noollo makgi

Palm – Sonbadak

9 shape block – Gutja makgi

Inward strike – Anuro taerigi

Low reverse block – Najunde bandae makgi

Horizontal punch – Soopyony jirugi

Double elbow strike – Jau palkup

Straight elbow – Sun palkup

Upward palm heel block – Ollyo son badak makgi

Rising kick – Cha olligi

Checking kick – Cha mum chagi

Black Belt Patterns

Kwang-Gae Tul (39 Movements) 1st DAN

Kwang-Gae is named after the famous Kwang-Gae-Toh-Wang, the 19th king of the Koguryo Dynasty, who regained all the lost territories including the greater part of Manchuria. The diagram represent the expansion and recovery of lost territory. The 39 movements refer to the first two figures of 391 AD, the year he came to the throne.

Po-Eun Tul (36 Movements) 1st DAN

Po-Eun is the pseudonym of a loyal subject Chong-Mong-Chu 1400AD who was a famous poet and who's poem "I would not serve a second master though I might be crucified a hundred times" is known to every Korean. He was also a pioneer in the field of physics. The diagram represent his unerring loyalty to the king and country towards the end of the Koryo Dynasty.

Ge-Baek Tul (44 Movements) 1st DAN

Ge-Baek is named after Ge-Baek, a great general in the Baek-Je Dynasty (660AD). The diagram represents his severe and strict military discipline.

Ko-Dang Tul (39 Movements) 2nd DAN

Ko Dang is the pseudonym of the patriot Cho Man-Sik, who devoted his life to the Korean Independence Movement & to the education of the Korean people. The 39 movements signify his times of imprisonment & his birthplace on the 39° latitude.

Eui-Am Tul (45 Movements) 2nd DAN

Eui-Am is the pseudonym of Son Byong Hi, leader of the Korean independence movement on March 1, 1919. The 45 movements refer to his age when he changed the name of Dong Hak (Oriental Culture) to Chondo Kyo (Heavenly Way Religion) in 1905. The diagram represents his indomitable spirit, displayed while dedicating himself to the prosperity of his nation.

Choong-Jang Tul (52 Movements) 2nd DAN

Choong-Jang is the pseudonym given to General Kim Duk Ryang who lived during the Yi Dynasty, 15th century. This pattern ends with a left hand attack to symbolise the tragedy of his death at 27 in prison before he was able to reach full maturity.

Sam Il Tul (33 Movements) 3rd DAN

Sam Il denotes the historical date of the independence movement of Korea which began throughout the country on March 1, 1919. The 33 movements in the pattern stand for the 33 patriots who planned the movement.

Yoo-Sin Tul (68 Movements) 3rd DAN

Yoo Sin is named after General Kin Yoo Sin, a commanding general during the Silla Dynasty. The 68 movements refer to the last two figures of 668 AD the year Korea was unified. The ready posture signifies a sword drawn to the right rather than the left side, symbolizing Yoo sin's mistake of following his king's orders to fight with foreign force against his own nation.

Choi Yong Tul (46 Movements) 3rd DAN

Choi Yong is named after General Choi Yong, Premier and Commander-in Chief of the armed forces during the 14th century Koryo Dynasty. Choi Yong was greatly respected for his loyalty, patriotism, and humility. He was executed by subordinate commanders headed by General Yi Sung Gae, who later became the first king of the Yi Dynasty.

Se Jong Tul (24 Movements) 4th DAN

Se-Jong is named after the greatest Korean King, Se-Jong, who invented the Korean alphabets in 1443, and was also a noted meteorologist. The diagram represents the king, while the 24 movements refer to the 24 letters of the Korean alphabet.

UL-JI Tul (42 Movements) 4th DAN

UL-JI is named after general UL-JI Mun Duk who successfully defended Korea against a Chinese invasion force of nearly one million soldiers led by Yang Je in 612 AD, Ul-JI employing hit and run guerilla tactics was able to decimate a large percentage of the force. The diagram represents his surname. The 42 movements represent the author's age when he designed the pattern.

Tong Il Tul (56 Movements) 4th DAN

Tong Il denotes the resolution of the unification of Korea which has been divided since 1945. The diagram symbolises the homogenous race.

Moon-Moo Tul (61 Movements) 5th DAN

Moon Moo honors the 30th king of the Silla Dynasty. His body was buried near Dae Wang Am (Great King's Rock). According to his will, the body was placed in the sea "Where my soul shall forever defend my land against the Japanese". It is said that the Sok Gul Am (Stone Cave) was built to guard his tomb. The Sok Gul Am is a fine example of the culture of the Silla Dynasty. The 61 movements in this pattern symbolize the last two figures of 6612 AD when Moon Moo came to the throne.

Yon Gae Tul (49 Movements) 5th DAN

Yon Gae is named after a famous general during the Koguryo Dynasty. Yon Gae Somoon. The 49 movements refer to the last two figures of 649 AD the year he forced the Tang Dynasty to quit Korea after destroying nearly 300,000 Chinese troops at Ansi Sung.

So-San Tul (72 Movements) 5th DAN

So San is the pseudonym of the great monk Choi Hyong Ung (1520 - 1604) during the Yi Dynasty. The 72 movements refer to his age when he organised a corps of monk soldiers with the assistance of his pupil Samung Dang. The monk soldiers helped repulse the Japanese pirates who overran most of the Korean peninsula in 1592.

KWANG-GAE is named after the famous Kwang-Gae-Toh-Wang, the 19th King of the Koguryo Dynasty, who regained all the lost territories including the greater part of Manchuria. The diagram represents the expansion and recovery of lost territory. The 39 movements refer to the first two figures of 391 A. D., the year he came to the throne.

KWANG-GAE
Movements - 39
Ready Posture - PARALLEL STANCE WITH A HEAVEN HAND
1. Bring the left foot to the right foot, forming a close ready stance B toward D, bringing both hands in a circular motion.
2. Move the left foot to D, forming a left walking stance toward D while executing an upset punch to D with the right fist. Perform in slow motion.
3. Move the right foot to D, forming a right walking stance toward D while executing an upset punch to D with the left fist. Perform in slow motion.
4. Move the left foot to the side front of the right foot, and then move the right foot to D, forming a right walking stance toward D, at the same time executing a high hooking block to D with the right palm. Perform in a double stepping motion.
5. Move the right foot to C in a sliding motion to form a right L-stance toward D, at the same time executing a low guarding block to D with a knife-hand.
6. Move the right foot to the side front of the left foot and then move the left foot to D, forming a left walking stance toward D while executing a high hooking block to D with the left palm. Perform in a double stepping motion.
7. Move the left foot to C in a sliding motion forming a left L-stance toward D while executing a low guarding block to D with a knife-hand.
8. Move the left foot to D, forming a right rear foot stance toward D while executing a high guarding block to D with a knife-hand.
9. Move the right foot to D, forming a left rear foot stance toward D while executing a high guarding block to D with a knife-hand.
10. Move the left foot to the side front of the right foot and then turn counter-clockwise, pivoting with the left foot, to form a left walking stance toward C while executing an upward block to C with the right palm. Perform in a slow motion.
11. Move the right foot to C, forming a right walking stance toward C while executing an upward block to C with the left palm. Perform in a slow motion.
12. Execute a low front block with the right knife-hand in a circular motion, hitting the left palm while bringing the left foot to the right foot to form a close stance toward C.
13. Execute a pressing kick to E with the left foot, keeping the position of the hands as they were in 12.
14. Execute a middle side piercing kick to E with the left foot, keeping the position of the hands as they were in 13. Perform 13 and 14 in a consecutive kick.
15. Lower the left foot to E, forming a right L-stance toward E while executing a high inward strike to E with the right knife-hand and bringing the left side fist in front of the right shoulder.
16. Execute a downward strike to E with the left side fist while forming a close stance toward C, pulling the left foot to the right foot.
17. Execute a pressing kick to F with the right foot, keeping the position of the hands as they were in 16.
18. Execute a middle side piercing kick to F with the right foot, keeping the position of the hands as they were in 17. Perform 17 and 18 in a consecutive kick.
19. Lower the right foot to F, forming a left L-stance toward F while executing a high inward strike to F with the knife-hand and bringing the right side fist in front of the left shoulder.
20. Execute a downward strike to F with the right side fist while forming a close stance toward C, pulling the right foot to the left foot.
21. Move the left foot to C, forming a left low stance toward C while executing a pressing block with the right palm. Perform in slow motion.
22. Move the right foot to C, forming a right low stance toward C while executing a pressing block with the left palm. Perform in a slow motion.
23. Move the right foot to D in a stamping motion to form a sitting stance toward F while executing a high side strike to D with the right back fist.
24. Execute a middle block to D with the right double forearm while forming a right walking stance toward D, pivoting with the left foot.
25. Execute a low block to D with the left forearm while shifting to C, maintaining a right walking stance toward D, keeping the position of the right hand as it was in 24.
26. Execute a high thrust to D with the right flat fingertip while forming a right low stance toward D, slipping the right foot to D. Perform in slow motion.
27. Move the left foot on lone CD in a stamping motion to form a sitting stance toward F while executing a high side strike to C with the left back fist.
28. Execute a middle block to C with the left double forearm while forming a left walking stance toward C, pivoting with the left foot.
29. Execute a low reverse block to C with the right forearm while shifting to D, maintaining a left walking stance toward C, keeping the position of the left hand as it was in 28.
30. Execute a high thrust to C with the left flat fingertip while forming a left low stance toward C, slipping the left foot to C.
31. Move the right foot to C in a stamping motion, forming a right walking stance toward C while executing a high vertical punch to C with a twin fist.
32. Move the left foot to A in a stamping motion, forming a left walking stance toward A while executing an upset punch to A with a twin fist.
33. Execute a middle front snap kick to A with the right foot, keeping the position of the hands as they were in 32.
34. Lower the right foot to the left foot, and then move the left foot to A to form a left L-stance toward B while executing a middle guarding block to B with a knife-hand.
35. Move the left foot to B, forming a left walking stance toward B while executing a high punch to B with the left fist.
36. Move the right foot to B in stamping motion, forming a right walking stance toward B while executing an upset punch to B with a twin fist.
37. Execute a middle front snap kick to B with the left foot, keeping the position of the hands as they were in 36.
38. Lower the left foot to the right foot, and then move the right foot to B to form a right L-stance toward A at the same time executing a middle guarding block to A with a knife-hand.
39. Move the right foot to A, forming a right walking stance toward A while executing a high punch to A with the right fist.
END: Bring the left foot back to a ready posture.

PO-EUN is the pseudonym of a loyal subject Chong Mong-Chu (1400) who was a famous poet and whose poem "I would not serve a second master though I might be crucified a hundred times" is known to every Korean. He was also a pioneer in the field of physics. The diagram represents his unerring loyalty to the king and country towards the end of the Koryo Dynasty.

PO-EUN
Movements - 36
Ready Posture - PARALLEL STANCE WITH A HEAVEN HAND

1. Move the left foot to B, forming a right L-stance toward B while executing a middle guarding block to B with the forearm.
2. Pull the right foot to the left knee joint to form a left one-leg stance toward D, at the same time lifting both fists while turning the face toward A.
3. Execute a pressing kick to A with the right foot keeping the position of the hands as they were in 2.
4. Lower the right foot to A to form a sitting stance toward D while executing a middle side strike to A with the right knife-hand.
5. Execute an angle punch with the left fist while maintaining a sitting stance toward D.
6. Execute a pressing block with the left, fore fist while executing a side front block with the right inner forearm, maintaining a sitting stance toward D.
7. Execute a pressing block with the right fore fist and a side front block with the left inner forearm while maintaining a sitting stance toward D.
8. Execute a middle wedging block with the inner forearm while maintaining a sitting stance toward D.
9. Thrust to C with the right back elbow supporting the right fore fist with the left palm keeping the face as it was in 8 while maintaining a sitting stance towards D.
10. Execute a middle punch to D with the right fist slipping the left palm up to the right elbow joint while maintaining a sitting stance toward D.
11. Thrust to C with the left back elbow supporting the left fore fist with right palm, keeping the face as it was in 10 while maintaining a sitting stance toward D.
12. Execute a right horizontal punch to A while maintaining a sitting stance toward D. Perform 6 through 12 in a continuous motion.
13. Cross the left foot over the right foot forming a right X-stance toward D while executing a low front block to D with the right outer forearm and bringing the left finger belly on the right under forearm.
14. Move the right foot to A forming a left L-stance toward A at the same time executing a U-shape grasp to A.
15. Bring the left foot to the right foot forming a closed stance toward D while executing a horizontal thrust with a twin elbow, turning the face toward B. Perform in slow motion.
16. Move the left foot to B to form a sitting stance toward D while executing a side back strike to C with the right back fist and extending the left arm to the side downward.
17. Cross the right foot over the left foot forming a left X-stance toward D while executing a low front block with the left outer forearm and bringing the right finger belly to the left side fist.
18. Move the left foot to B to form a sitting stance toward D while executing a low guarding block to B with a reverse knife-hand.
19. Execute a forearm middle guarding block to A while forming a left L-stance toward A pivoting with left foot.
20. Pull the left foot to the right knee joint to form a right one-leg stance toward D, at the same time lifting both fists while turning the face toward B.
21. Execute a pressing kick to B with the left foot keeping the position of the hands as they were in 20.
22. Lower the left foot to B to form a sitting stance toward D while executing a middle side strike to B with the left knife-hand.
23. Execute an angle punch with the right fist while maintaining a sitting stance toward D.
24. Execute a pressing block with the right, fore fist while executing a side front block with the left inner forearm, maintaining a sitting stance toward D.
25. Execute a pressing block with the left fore fist and a side front block with the right inner forearm while maintaining a sitting stance toward D.
26. Execute a middle wedging block with the inner forearm while maintaining a sitting stance toward D.
27. Thrust to C with the left back elbow supporting the left fore fist with the right palm keeping the face as it was in 26 while maintaining a sitting stance towards D.
28. Execute a middle punch to D with the left fist slipping the right palm up to the left elbow joint while maintaining a sitting stance toward D.
29. Thrust to C with the right back elbow supporting the right fore fist with left palm, keeping the face as it was in 28 while maintaining a sitting stance toward D.
30. Execute a left horizontal punch to B while maintaining a sitting stance toward D. Perform 24 through 30 in a continuous motion.
31. Cross the right foot over the left foot forming a left X-stance toward D while executing a low front block to D with the left outer forearm and bringing the right finger belly on the left under forearm.
32. Move the left foot to B forming a right L-stance toward B at the same time executing a U-shape grasp to B.
33. Bring the right foot to the left foot forming a closed stance toward D while executing a horizontal thrust with a twin elbow, turning the face toward A. Perform in slow motion.
34. Move the right foot to A to form a sitting stance toward D while executing a side back strike to C with the left back fist and extending the right arm to the side downward.
35. Cross the left foot over the right foot forming a right X-stance toward D while executing a low front block with the right outer forearm and bringing the left finger belly to the right side fist.
36. Move the right foot to A to form a sitting stance toward D while executing a low guarding block to A with a reverse knife-hand.
END: Bring the left foot back to a ready posture.

GE-BAEK is named after Ge-Baek, a great general in the Baek Je Dynasty (660 AD). The diagram represents his severe and strict military discipline.

GAE-BAEK
Movements - 44
Ready Posture - PARALLEL READY STANCE

1. Move the right foot to C forming a right L-stance toward D while executing a checking block D with an X-knife-hand.
2. Execute a low twisting kick to D with the right foot keeping the position of the hands as they were in 1.
3. Lower the right foot to D forming a right walking stance toward D while executing a middle punch to D with the right fist.
4. Execute a middle punch to D with the left fist while maintaining a right walking stance toward D. Perform 3 and 4 in a fast motion.
5. Move the right foot to C forming a left walking stance toward D while executing a rising block with the left forearm.
6. Execute a low block to D with the left forearm while maintaining a left walking stance toward D. Perform 5 and 6 in a continuous motion.
7. Execute a high block to AD with a double arc hand while looking through it maintaining a left walking stance toward D.
8. Turn the face toward D while forming a right bending ready stance A toward D.
9. Lower the left foot to AD to form a sitting stance toward AC while executing a scooping block to AC with the left palm.
10. Execute a middle punch to AC with the right fist while maintaining a sitting stance toward AC. Perform 9 and 10 in a connecting motion.
11. Execute a front strike to AC with the left back fist while maintaining a sitting stance toward AC.
12. Move the right foot on line AB and then move the left foot to C forming a right L-stance toward C while executing a middle guarding block to C with a knife-hand.
13. Execute a low side front snap kick to C with the left foot keeping the position of the hands as they were in 12.
14. Lower the left foot to C forming a left low stance toward C while executing a high thrust to C with the left flat finger tip.
15. Execute a high thrust to C with the right flat finger tip while maintaining a left low stance toward C.
16. Execute a middle side piercing kick to C with the right foot while pulling both hands in the opposite direction.
17. Lower the right foot to C forming a right L-stance toward D while executing a middle guarding block to D with the forearm.
18. Move the right foot to D turning counter clockwise to form a right L-stance toward C while executing a middle guarding block to C with the forearm.
19. Move the left foot to D turning counter clockwise to form a right L-stance toward D while executing a middle guarding block to D with a knife-hand.
20. Move the left foot on line CD to form a sitting stance toward A while executing a right 9-shape block.
21. Move the right foot to D, turning counter-clockwise to form a left walking stance toward C while executing a low block to C with the left knife-hand.
22. Execute a middle turning kick to BC with the right foot and then lower it to C.
23. Execute a flying side piercing kick to C with the right foot. Perform 22 and 23 in a fast motion.
24. Land to C to form a right walking stance toward C while executing a high vertical punch to C with a twin fist.
25. Execute a high block to AC with a double arc-hand while looking through it maintaining a right walking stance toward C.
26. Execute an upset punch to C with the left fist while maintaining a right walking stance toward C.
27. Move the right foot on line CD, forming a left walking stance toward D while striking the left palm with the right front elbow.
28. Jump to D, forming a right x-stance toward BD while executing a high block to D with the right double forearm.
29. Move the left foot to BC to form a sitting stance toward BD, at the same time executing a scooping block to BD with the right palm.
30. Execute a middle punch to BD with the left fist while maintaining a sitting stance toward BD. Perform 29 and 30 in a connecting motion.
31. Execute a front strike to BD with the right back fist while maintaining a sitting stance toward BD.
32. Move the left foot to C, forming a left walking stance toward C, at the same time executing a high front strike to C with the right reverse knife-hand.
33. Move the left foot to A about half a shoulder width while executing a middle turning kick to C with the right foot.
34. Lower the right foot to C, and then turn counter-clockwise to form a left walking stance toward D, pivoting with the right foot while executing a high vertical punch to D with a twin fist.
35. Execute a middle punch to D with the right middle knuckle fist, bringing the left side first in front of the right shoulder while forming a right L-stance toward D pulling the left foot.
36. Move the right foot to D to form a sitting stance toward B, at the same time executing left 9-shape block.
37. Execute a low guarding block to C with a reverse knife-hand while maintaining a sitting stance toward B.
38. Execute a low guarding block to D with a knife-hand while maintaining a sitting stance toward B. Perform 37 and 38 in a continuous motion.
39. Move the left foot to D in a stamping motion to form a sitting stance toward A while executing a W-shape block with the outer forearm.
40. Move the left foot to C in a stamping motion to form a sitting stance toward B while executing a W-shape block with the outer forearm.
41. Move the right foot to C forming a right walking stance toward C while executing a rising block with the right forearm.
42. Execute a middle punch to C with the left fist while maintaining a right walking stance toward C.
43. Move the right foot on line CD forming a left walking stance toward D while executing a rising block with the left forearm.
44. Execute a middle punch to D with the right fist while maintaining a left walking stance toward D.
END: Bring the right foot back to a ready posture.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ANSWERED

Does Taekwon-do as a self defence system really work?

The answer to this is quite simply – Yes!

However, Taekwon-do does not perform miracles, no martial art does, but it does improve your chances of surviving a violent confrontation dramatically. It is worth noting that every single military establishment in the world has some sort of martial arts training agenda. Why? To improve each soldiers chances of survival in hand to hand combat. It is also worth noting that Taekwon-do, in its initial stages was introduced to the Vietnamese; nobody would question the Vietnamese soldier’s close-quarter fighting ability!

What is the best style and is it good to mix styles?

I believe that Taekwon-do is the best style but then I would, wouldn’t I? However, the truth is that there is no ‘best style’. Each and every style has its strengths and weaknesses. In all honesty, it really is down to the individual. As for mixing styles (cross-training) I firmly believe that in the initial stages of training you should remain loyal to one system, otherwise as the old saying goes “You become a Jack of all trades, master of none”. At the top end of any martial art system they are all inter-linked anyway. Techniques are adopted by all systems, from all systems to enhance their own. My advice would be (this is the advice I give to all my black belts) is to train conscientiously and remain loyal to your system – Taekwon-do. Once a sound foundation has been laid it is then possible to expand. To cultivate different techniques from different martial arts that will benefit you as an individual, and as a fighter; as opposed to laying lots of different foundations, which would be unnecessary and time consuming.

Why can’t children train with adults?

In all honesty this is down to common sense. Not only do the physical and mental needs of children and adults differ but so do the teaching methods. Children’s classes are based on encouragement and fun whereas adult’s classes are a lot more technical.

More important than all of the above is the safety aspect. You cannot have a 14 stone, 6 foot adult jumping about in the same area as a small child!

Why do we have coloured belts?

The belt represents knowledge, not necessarily physical ability. For example, it would be unrealistic to expect a 65 year old female black belt to compete with a 21 year old male black belt in his prime. However, the knowledge level will be the same.

The belt system is also easier for instructing purposes and safety. The instructor can see at a glance what level of knowledge and basic ability each student possesses and can therefore teach and partner grades off accordingly.

How do the Black Belt ‘Dans’ work?

The ITF (International Taekwon-do Federation) order of black belts is from 1^st Dan through to 9^th Dan.

1^st Dan through to 3^rd Dan are considered ‘novice’ stages of black belt; 4^th Dans are considered ‘experts’ and 5^th Dans and above are ‘masters’.

As far as physical grading examinations go, they apply from 1^st Dan through to 5^th Dan. Master grades from 5^th Dan and above are normally awarded to an individual based on their contribution to promoting the art; or work they have done for various organisations.

Again, as with the coloured belts, it is unrealistic to expect a 7^th or 8^th Dan to compete physically with a 2^nd or 3^rd Dan. By the time 8^th Dan is achieved the wearer is normally much older and less physically able, but, it is the knowledge that they possess which they are respected for. There is old saying “The young instructor teaches with the body, an old instructor teaches with the mind”.

What do you think of full contact fighting?

There are many people who have the mistaken belief that full contact is the only way of preparing for a realistic attack. I personally do not agree with this.

Full contact may make you a tougher fighter and maybe a fitter fighter, but not necessarily a more skilful fighter. It is also worth bearing in mind that full contact fighters wear safety equipment, for example boxing gloves. They continue fighting over many rounds, taking considerable punishment. It is possible to take a few punches from a boxing glove whereas; in the street you could not absorb the same punishment from a bare fist. In fact, in the street, it is often wiser not to take any strikes at all; the first punch that gets through may be the one that puts you away. Even as wild animals grow up and prepare for the big wide world they ‘spar’ and ‘play-fight’, they do not fight flat out. Nobody would question their ability to fight in a real confrontation. I’m not saying that full contact does not have its use. At an adult level, it is an excellent method of testing your physical and mental ability, on occasions. You have to, without doubt, respect anybody that is prepared to lay it on the line and step into a full contact ring. But what I’m saying is; it is not the only way to develop fighting ability. I personally think that if you want the best chance of preparing yourself then you must practise all methods. They all have their advantages and disadvantages – point-stop sparring, continuous sparring, semi-contact, full contact (on occasion), semi-free, 1-4-1 and even one step sparring. Remember, it is no one thing that makes you great; it’s a combination of lots of different things.